Human Anatomy

• The general philosophy behind this Eighth Edition of Human Anatomy remains the same as in the previous editions. As an instructor, you know that teaching anat omy is not just the presentation of facts. You must provide information in a framework that encourages genuine under standing, devise new presentations to help students remember large amounts of material, and help students apply what they have learned to new situations. All the while you hope that you inspire in the students a love of the subject. After many years of teaching human anatomy, we became convinced that new approaches to the subject could excite and challenge the students’ natural curiosity. That is why we decided to write this book. We are fortunate to have collaborated with Pearson Education, a publisher that shares our goal: to set a new standard for pedagogical and visual effectiveness in an anatomy text. This book is designed for one-semester or one-quarter introductory anatomy courses that serve students in pre- nursing, pre-medical, pre-physical therapy, radiological tech nology, physician assistant training, pre-dentistry, pharmacy, and other allied-health fields, as well as physical education, athletic training, and nutrition.
  • Unique Approach to Anatomy
  • Functional Approach
  • Microscopic Anatomy
  • Embryology
  • Life Span Approach
  • Helpful Presentation of Terminology"NEW TO THE EIGHTH EDITION"
    BY : Elaine N. Marieb, R.N., Ph.D. Holyoke Community College Patricia Brady Wilhelm, Ph.D. Johnson & Wales University Jon Mallatt, Ph.D. Washington State Universit

    PEARSON

Table of contents :
Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
About the Authors......Page 6
Preface......Page 19
Acknowledgments......Page 21
Brief Contents......Page 22
Contents......Page 23
1. The Human Body: An Orientation......Page 38
The Hierarchy of Structural Organization......Page 39
Regional and Directional Terms......Page 43
Body Planes and Sections......Page 44
The Human Body Plan......Page 47
Body Cavities and Membranes......Page 48
Light and Electron Microscopy......Page 50
X-Ray Imaging......Page 52
Advanced X-Ray Techniques......Page 53
Positron Emission Tomography......Page 54
Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 55
Focus on Levels of Structural Organization......Page 40
Chapter Summary......Page 56
Review Questions......Page 57
2. Cells: The Living Units......Page 59
Overview of Cells......Page 60
The Plasma Membrane......Page 61
Functions......Page 63
Membrane Transport......Page 64
Cytosol......Page 65
Cytoplasmic Organelles......Page 66
Cytoplasmic Inclusions......Page 70
Nucleolus......Page 71
Chromatin and Chromosomes......Page 72
Cell Division......Page 74
Cell Differentiation......Page 77
Aging......Page 78
Focus on Mitosis......Page 75
Chapter Summary......Page 79
Review Questions......Page 81
Stages of Prenatal Development......Page 83
The Basic Body Plan......Page 84
Week 1: From Zygote to Blastocyst......Page 85
Week 3: The Three-Layered Embryo......Page 87
Week 4: The Body Takes Shape......Page 91
Weeks 5–8: The Second Month of Embryonic Development......Page 93
The Fetal Period......Page 96
Focus on Birth Defects......Page 97
Chapter Summary......Page 98
Review Questions......Page 99
4. Tissues......Page 101
I. Epithelial Tissue......Page 102
Classification of Epithelia......Page 103
Glands......Page 109
Epithelial Surface Features......Page 111
II. Connective Tissue......Page 114
Structural Elements of Connective Tissues......Page 115
Classification of Connective Tissues......Page 118
Covering and Lining Membranes......Page 126
IV. Nervous Tissue......Page 130
Inflammation......Page 132
The Tissues Throughout Life......Page 134
Focus on Identifying Epithelial and Connective Tissues......Page 127
Cancer—The Intimate Enemy......Page 136
Related Clinical Terms......Page 135
Chapter Summary......Page 137
Review Questions......Page 138
5. The Integumentary System......Page 140
The Skin and the Hypodermis......Page 141
Epidermis......Page 142
Dermis......Page 145
Tattoos......Page 147
Nails......Page 148
Hair and Hair Follicles......Page 149
Sweat Glands......Page 152
Burns......Page 153
The Skin Throughout Life......Page 155
Related Clinical Terms......Page 156
Chapter Summary......Page 157
Review Questions......Page 158
6. Bones and Skeletal Tissues......Page 160
Location and Basic Structure......Page 161
Types of Cartilage......Page 162
Bone Tissue......Page 164
Gross Anatomy of Bones......Page 165
Microscopic Structure of Bone......Page 169
Bone Development and Growth......Page 172
Bone Remodeling......Page 176
Repair of Bone Fractures......Page 178
Osteoporosis......Page 180
Osteosarcoma......Page 181
The Skeleton Throughout Life......Page 182
The Marvelous Properties of Cartilage......Page 163
Chapter Summary......Page 183
Review Questions......Page 184
7. Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton......Page 187
Overview of Skull Geography......Page 189
Cranial Bones......Page 190
Facial Bones......Page 199
Special Parts of the Skull......Page 204
Regions and Normal Curvatures......Page 207
Intervertebral Discs......Page 208
General Structure of Vertebrae......Page 209
Regional Vertebral Characteristics......Page 210
The Thoracic Cage......Page 215
Ribs......Page 216
Abnormal Spinal Curvatures......Page 217
The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life......Page 218
Chapter Summary......Page 219
Review Questions......Page 220
8. Bones, Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton......Page 222
Clavicles......Page 223
Arm......Page 224
Forearm......Page 228
Hand......Page 229
Ilium......Page 231
Pubis......Page 233
Thigh......Page 234
Leg......Page 236
Foot......Page 239
Disorders of the Appendicular Skeleton......Page 241
Related Clinical Terms......Page 242
Review Questions......Page 243
9. Joints......Page 245
Sutures......Page 246
Synovial Joints......Page 247
General Structure of Synovial Joints......Page 248
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints......Page 250
Factors Influencing the Stability of Synovial Joints......Page 254
Selected Synovial Joints......Page 258
Temporomandibular Joint......Page 259
Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint......Page 261
Elbow Joint......Page 263
Wrist Joint......Page 264
Hip Joint......Page 265
Knee Joint......Page 266
Ankle Joint......Page 269
Joint Injuries......Page 271
Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions......Page 272
Related Clinical Terms......Page 274
Focus on Synovial Joints......Page 255
Chapter Summary......Page 275
Review Questions......Page 276
10. Skeletal Muscle Tissue......Page 278
Types of Muscle Tissue......Page 279
Gross Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle......Page 281
Microscopic and Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue......Page 283
Muscular Dystrophy......Page 292
Fibromyalgia......Page 293
Anabolic Steroid Abuse......Page 294
Chapter Summary......Page 295
Review Questions......Page 297
11. Muscles of the Body......Page 299
Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles......Page 300
Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships......Page 301
Organizational Scheme Based on Embryonic Development......Page 303
Muscle Actions and Interactions......Page 305
Major Skeletal Muscles of the Body......Page 307
Muscle Compartments of the Limbs......Page 308
The Muscle Tables......Page 315
Regional Surface Anatomy......Page 369
The Head......Page 370
The Neck......Page 371
The Abdomen......Page 372
The Back......Page 373
The Upper Limb and Shoulder......Page 374
The Lower Limb and Gluteal Region......Page 377
Focus on Muscle Action......Page 306
Chapter Summary......Page 381
Review Questions......Page 384
12. Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue......Page 386
Basic Divisions of the Nervous System......Page 387
The Neuron......Page 390
Neuroglia......Page 395
Nerves......Page 398
Reflex Arcs......Page 400
Neuronal Circuits......Page 401
Focus on Neuronal Pathways......Page 403
Multiple Sclerosis......Page 404
Neuronal Regeneration......Page 405
Embryonic Development of Nervous Tissue......Page 406
Chapter Summary......Page 408
Review Questions......Page 409
13. The Central Nervous System......Page 411
Embryonic Development of the Brain......Page 412
Ventricles of the Brain......Page 414
The Brain Stem......Page 415
The Cerebellum......Page 420
The Diencephalon......Page 422
The Cerebrum......Page 425
Functional Brain Systems......Page 436
Protection of the Brain......Page 438
The Spinal Cord......Page 444
White Matter of the Spinal Cord......Page 447
Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots......Page 448
Protection of the Spinal Cord......Page 449
Sensory and Motor Pathways in the Central Nervous System......Page 450
Ascending Pathways......Page 451
Descending Pathways......Page 453
Brain Dysfunction......Page 456
Embryonic Development and Congenital Conditions......Page 458
Postnatal Changes in the Brain......Page 459
Traumatic Brain Injury......Page 457
Chapter Summary......Page 460
Review Questions......Page 462
14. The Peripheral Nervous System......Page 464
Peripheral Sensory Receptors......Page 465
Structural Classification......Page 466
Cranial Nerves......Page 469
II. The Optic Nerves......Page 472
IV. The Trochlear Nerves......Page 473
V. The Trigeminal Nerves......Page 474
VI. The Abducens Nerves......Page 475
VII. The Facial Nerves......Page 476
VIII. The Vestibulocochlear Nerves......Page 477
IX. The Glossopharyngeal Nerves......Page 478
X. The Vagus Nerves......Page 479
XII. The Hypoglossal Nerves......Page 480
Spinal Nerves......Page 481
Nerve Plexuses......Page 483
Innervation of the Skin: Dermatomes......Page 496
Peripheral Neuropathy......Page 498
Postpolio Syndrome: The Plight of Some ”Recovered” Polio Victims......Page 499
Focus on Innervation of the Upper Limb......Page 487
Focus on Innervation of the Lower Limb......Page 493
Chapter Summary......Page 500
Review Questions......Page 502
15. The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons......Page 504
Comparison of the Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems......Page 505
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 507
Cranial Outflow......Page 509
Basic Organization......Page 510
Sympathetic Pathways......Page 514
The Role of the Adrenal Medulla in the Sympathetic Division......Page 517
Visceral Reflexes......Page 518
Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 520
The Autonomic Nervous System Throughout Life......Page 521
Focus on Comparing Somatic Motor and Autonomic Innervation......Page 506
Chapter Summary......Page 522
Review Questions......Page 523
16. The Special Senses......Page 525
Taste (Gustation)......Page 526
Smell (Olfaction)......Page 527
Disorders of the Chemical Senses......Page 528
Accessory Structures of the Eye......Page 529
Anatomy of the Eyeball......Page 532
The Eye as an Optical Device......Page 538
Visual Pathways......Page 539
Embryonic Development of the Eye......Page 541
The External Ear......Page 543
The Middle Ear......Page 545
The Internal Ear......Page 546
Embryonic Development of the Ear......Page 552
The Special Senses Throughout Life......Page 554
Chapter Summary......Page 555
Review Questions......Page 558
17. The Endocrine System......Page 559
Hormones......Page 560
The Pituitary Gland......Page 562
The Thyroid Gland......Page 568
The Parathyroid Glands......Page 569
The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands......Page 571
The Pancreas......Page 573
Other Endocrine Structures......Page 574
A Disorder of the Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus......Page 575
Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex......Page 576
The Endocrine System Throughout Life......Page 577
Focus on Hypothalamus and Pituitary Interactions......Page 565
Related Clinical Terms......Page 578
Chapter Summary......Page 579
Review Questions......Page 581
18. Blood......Page 583
Blood Plasma......Page 584
Formed Elements......Page 585
Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis......Page 590
Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation......Page 591
Disorders of Erythrocytes......Page 593
The Blood Throughout Life......Page 594
Transplants of Bone Marrow and Cord Blood......Page 595
Chapter Summary......Page 596
Review Questions......Page 597
19. The Heart......Page 599
Location and Orientation Within the Thorax......Page 600
Layers of the Heart Wall......Page 602
Heart Chambers......Page 603
Heart Sounds......Page 608
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart......Page 610
Structure of Cardiac Muscle......Page 612
Mechanism of Contraction......Page 613
Conducting System......Page 614
Innervation......Page 615
Coronary Arteries......Page 616
Disorders of the Conduction System......Page 617
Development of the Heart......Page 619
The Heart in Adulthood and Old Age......Page 620
Focus on Blood Flow Through the Heart......Page 611
Coronary Artery Disease......Page 618
Chapter Summary......Page 621
Review Questions......Page 623
20. Blood Vessels......Page 625
Arteries......Page 626
Capillaries......Page 629
Venous Vessels......Page 631
Vascular Anastomoses......Page 632
The Pulmonary Circulation......Page 633
Systemic Arteries......Page 634
Systemic Veins......Page 645
Disorders of the Blood Vessels......Page 655
Fetal Circulation......Page 659
Chapter Summary......Page 660
Focus on Fetal and Newborn Circulation......Page 657
Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Dra ¯no......Page 656
Review Questions......Page 662
21. The Lymphatic and Immune Systems......Page 664
Lymphatic Capillaries......Page 665
Lymph Nodes......Page 666
Lymph Ducts......Page 667
The Immune System......Page 669
Lymphocytes......Page 670
Lymphocyte Differentiation and Activation......Page 671
Lymphoid Tissue......Page 672
Lymphoid Organs......Page 674
The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Throughout Life......Page 678
AIDS: The Modern-Day Plague?......Page 673
Chapter Summary......Page 679
Review Questions......Page 681
22. The Respiratory System......Page 682
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System......Page 683
The Nose and the Paranasal Sinuses......Page 684
The Larynx......Page 688
The Trachea......Page 691
The Bronchial Tree......Page 693
The Lungs and Pleurae......Page 696
The Mechanism of Ventilation......Page 701
Neural Control of Ventilation......Page 703
Cystic Fibrosis......Page 704
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease......Page 706
The Respiratory System Throughout Life......Page 707
Lung Cancer: The Facts Behind the Smoke Screen......Page 705
Chapter Summary......Page 708
Review Questions......Page 710
23. The Digestive System......Page 712
Overview......Page 713
Abdominal Regions......Page 714
The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum......Page 717
Digestive Processes......Page 719
Histology......Page 720
Smooth Muscle......Page 722
The Mouth and Associated Organs......Page 724
The Esophagus......Page 729
The Stomach......Page 731
The Small Intestine......Page 734
The Large Intestine......Page 737
The Liver......Page 743
The Pancreas......Page 747
Viral Hepatitis......Page 749
Embryonic Development......Page 750
The Digestive System in Later Life......Page 751
Focus on the Peritoneum and the Digestive System Organs......Page 715
Focus on Digestive Processes and the Histology of the Alimentary Canal......Page 741
Chapter Summary......Page 752
Review Questions......Page 755
24. The Urinary System......Page 757
Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys......Page 758
Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys......Page 761
Microscopic Anatomy......Page 768
Gross Anatomy......Page 769
Microscopic Anatomy......Page 770
Urethra......Page 771
Micturition......Page 772
Renal Calculi......Page 773
The Urinary System Throughout Life......Page 774
Chapter Summary......Page 776
Review Questions......Page 778
25. The Reproductive System......Page 780
The Testes......Page 781
Male Reproductive Ducts......Page 784
Accessory Glands......Page 787
The Penis......Page 788
Spermatogenesis......Page 789
The Ovaries......Page 792
The Uterine Tubes......Page 794
The Uterus......Page 795
Oogenesis and the Female Menstrual Cycle......Page 797
The Vagina......Page 803
The Mammary Glands......Page 804
Pregnancy......Page 805
Childbirth......Page 810
Reproductive System Cancers in Females......Page 811
Descent of the Gonads......Page 814
Menopause......Page 816
Contraception: To Be or Not To Be......Page 802
Chapter Summary......Page 817
Review Questions......Page 819
Appendix A: The Metric System......Page 822
Appendix B: Answers to Check Your Understanding, Multiple Choice, and Matching Questions......Page 824
Glossary......Page 832
Photo and Illustration Credits......Page 844
Index......Page 846
Word Roots: Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms......Page 898
Back Cover......Page 902